You Already Know the Nitrate Research: It’s the Beet Gut, the Jitters, and the Hidden Dose That Keep Getting in the Way

Nitrate for endurance, minus the beet and the caffeine: a stimulant-free drink mix with the dose printed on the label, so you know exactly how much dietary nitrate you’re getting.

You don’t need convincing that nitrate is worth a look. You’ve read the endurance papers, you know dietary nitrate has been studied for the oxygen cost of hard efforts, and odds are you’ve forced down a beet shot before a long session at least once. The research was never the issue. Everything wrapped around it was: beet gut halfway through a run, the beet sugar, the pink-tinged surprise of beeturia, and a “beetroot powder” label that never told you how many milligrams of nitrate you were actually getting.

NITRATE-IQ™ is the beet-free, stimulant-free, dose-transparent nitrate drink mix for endurance athletes who want to know exactly what they’re taking. It supplies dietary nitrate from Nitrate Burst™ spinach extract, standardized to 9% dietary nitrates and 13% naturally occurring potassium, with the amount printed on the label: 135 mg of nitrate per scoop. Taken as labeled, 1 scoop daily, it supports healthy nitric oxide levels.*

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Beet-Free, Stimulant-Free Nitrate, Dosed to the Milligram

Plant-based nitrate from spinach, no caffeine, and a label that tells you the number.

Triquetra Health built NITRATE-IQ™ around three decisions. First, the source: Nitrate Burst™ spinach extract (Spinacia oleracea leaf), 1,500 mg per scoop, which provides 135 mg of dietary nitrate and 195 mg of potassium. Second, no stimulants of any kind. Third, a label that shows the nitrate amount instead of hiding it inside “beetroot powder.” Each scoop also includes 75 mg of Enovita™ grape seed extract and 30 mg of fulvic acid, and it’s made in a GMP facility.

Spinach isn’t a stand-in for “real” nitrate, either. In a crossover trial, spinach-derived nitrate raised blood nitrate as much as beetroot juice at the same nitrate dose (Jonvik et al., 2016). That trial used 800 mg of nitrate, about six times the amount in one scoop.

Other non-beet leafy greens have been tested too. A red spinach (amaranth) extract with about 90 mg of nitrate raised plasma nitrate and VO₂ at the ventilatory threshold in 15 recreationally active adults, though plasma nitrite, time to exhaustion and peak VO₂ didn’t change (Moore et al., 2017). The study was funded by DolCas Biotech, which also supplies NITRATE-IQ™’s spinach extract.

See how to take it ↓

The Nitrate Was Never the Problem: Your Beet Powder and Your Pre-Workout Were

You’ve probably lived at least one of these. You loaded beet juice before a long run and spent the back half negotiating with your stomach instead of holding pace. You grabbed a caffeinated pre-workout before an evening session and paid for it at bedtime. Or you tried to build a repeatable routine, and the label said “beetroot powder” with no nitrate figure anywhere.

That last one bothers dose-literate athletes the most. You want a known amount and a routine you can repeat. What you kept getting was the earthy taste, beet pigment, and undisclosed dosing of many beet products, or a stimulant that works through an entirely different mechanism.

None of that is a knock on nitrate. It’s a delivery problem. Change the source, drop the stimulant, print the milligrams, and the ingredient you’ve already read about becomes something you can actually keep track of.

Caffeine, Arginine, and Beets: Three Different Routes, Three Different Trade-Offs

Walk down the “endurance edge” shelf and you’ll find three categories. Each makes sense for someone. Each has a catch.

Caffeine is one of the few supplements with good performance evidence (Maughan et al., 2018), so its popularity isn’t a mystery. It works through central-nervous-system stimulation rather than the nitrate pathway, though. It can bring jitters in some people, and caffeine taken even 6 hours before bed can shorten sleep (Drake et al., 2013). NITRATE-IQ™ has no caffeine, so it’s an option if you train in the evening or avoid stimulants.

Arginine and citrulline feed the body’s oxygen-dependent nitric oxide enzymes. Research on nitric-oxide-related supplements, arginine included, has been mixed, and highly trained athletes have tended to see less benefit (Bescós et al., 2012).

Beet products have real research behind them and a long history in endurance sport, so trusting nitrate is reasonable. The trade-offs are practical. Beet pigments turn urine pink or red in about 10–14% of people (Sauder & Rout, 2023), many beet products that don’t list nitrate leave you guessing at the dose, and if beet juice has ever turned on your stomach mid-run, you know that trade-off too. NITRATE-IQ™ uses a beet-free spinach source and lists 135 mg of nitrate per scoop.

The pattern: caffeine works through a different mechanism, arginine and citrulline use a different nitric oxide route with mixed research, and beet products deliver nitrate but often without a listed dose.

How the Nitrate Pathway Works, and What the Research Says About Timing

You know the outline. Here’s the detail that matters.

The pathway. Up to about a quarter of the nitrate circulating in your blood is taken up by your salivary glands and concentrated in saliva (Lundberg et al., 2008). Bacteria in your mouth reduce it to nitrite, which the body can then convert to nitric oxide. That last step is favored in low-oxygen, acidic conditions, which sets it apart from the nitric oxide enzymes that need oxygen to work (Lundberg et al., 2008).

What actually drives the lower oxygen cost. Nitric oxide signals the muscle in blood-vessel walls to relax (Lundberg et al., 2008). In exercise studies, though, the lower oxygen cost seen with dietary nitrate has been linked mainly to more efficient energy use inside muscle: better mitochondrial efficiency (Larsen et al., 2011) and a lower energy cost of muscle contraction (Bailey et al., 2010).

Where grape seed extract fits. Each scoop includes 75 mg of Enovita™ grape seed extract. In laboratory (cell-culture) research, Enovita™ increased activated eNOS, the enzyme blood-vessel linings use to make nitric oxide (Schön et al., 2021). This hasn’t been shown in people, and we make no exercise claim for it.

What the research says about timing. In a dose-response study, plasma nitrate peaked about an hour after intake and plasma nitrite about 2 hours after (4 hours at the highest dose), and its exercise tests were run 2.5 hours after intake (Wylie et al., 2013). The label direction for NITRATE-IQ™ is 1 scoop daily. Exercise studies generally used more nitrate than one scoop provides. Talk with your healthcare provider before using more than the labeled serving.

One habit worth changing. Because this pathway depends on mouth bacteria, antiseptic mouthwash can blunt it. In one study, a week of chlorhexidine mouthwash cut oral nitrite production by 90% (Kapil et al., 2013). Consider skipping antiseptic mouthwash while you use it.

What Changes When Your Nitrate Source Is Beet-Free and Labeled

You’re keeping the ingredient you’ve already read about. Here’s what’s different.

What Does the Exercise Research on Nitrate Show?

In exercise research, dietary nitrate has been associated with longer time to exhaustion, greater distance covered and higher peak power, with larger time-to-exhaustion effects at about 370 mg a day or more taken for more than 3 days (Poon et al., 2025). Time-trial performance didn’t improve. In one dose-response study, about 1,040 mg lowered the oxygen cost of moderate exercise by 3.0% (Wylie et al., 2013). These findings describe dietary nitrate in general, not NITRATE-IQ™, and one scoop provides 135 mg.

The average effect is small, and a 2020 meta-analysis of 80 trials found no clear benefit in well-trained endurance athletes or in studies of women only (Senefeld et al., 2020). If you’re highly trained, your response may be smaller.

Beet-Free and Stimulant-Free

Because it’s beet-free (no beet pigment, no beet sugar) and has no stimulants, it’s made to avoid the beet-related issues and caffeine side effects some athletes report. Try it in training before race day.

With no caffeine in the formula, an evening session doesn’t come with a stimulant that can shorten sleep, even when taken 6 hours before bed (Drake et al., 2013).

A Dose You Can See

The label lists the nitrate amount per serving (135 mg per scoop), based on the extract’s 9% nitrate standardization. The guesswork of a hidden “beetroot powder” dose gets replaced by a number you can track, day after day.

What Does the Research Say About Nitrate for Endurance? Inside the 2025 Umbrella Review

The exercise research on dietary nitrate is summarized in a 2025 umbrella review. Everything below is ingredient-class research on dietary nitrate and grape seed extract, cited as background. None of it tested NITRATE-IQ™.

Dietary nitrate and exercise: 2025 umbrella review. Poon et al. (2025) pooled 20 systematic reviews with meta-analyses, covering 180 primary studies and 2,672 participants. Nitrate improved time to exhaustion, total distance, muscular endurance and peak power, with more pronounced time-to-exhaustion effects at 372 mg a day or more and with dosing for more than 3 days. Time-trial performance, graded exercise tests, total work and VO₂max showed no significant effect, and the authors rated most of the included reviews as low to critically low in methodological quality.

Effects in trained athletes. Senefeld et al. (2020) meta-analyzed 80 randomized, placebo-controlled crossover studies. The overall effect was small, and there was no clear benefit in well-trained endurance athletes or in studies of women only.

Dose and response. Wylie et al. (2013) gave 10 healthy men beetroot juice at three doses. About 520 mg of nitrate lowered the oxygen cost of moderate exercise by 1.7% (not statistically significant) and extended time to exhaustion in severe exercise by 14%. About 1,040 mg lowered oxygen cost by 3.0%. About 260 mg had no effect. Plasma nitrate peaked about 1 hour after intake and plasma nitrite about 2 hours after (4 hours at the highest dose).

Spinach versus beetroot. Jonvik et al. (2016) gave 18 healthy adults 800 mg of nitrate from spinach, beetroot juice, rocket or sodium nitrate. Spinach raised peak plasma nitrate as much as beetroot juice did and produced the highest nitrite peak.

Red spinach (amaranth) and exercise markers. Moore et al. (2017) gave 15 recreationally active adults a red spinach (amaranth) extract with about 90 mg of nitrate. Plasma nitrate and VO₂ at the ventilatory threshold rose; plasma nitrite, time to exhaustion and peak VO₂ didn’t change. Red spinach is amaranth, a different plant from the spinach in NITRATE-IQ™. The study was funded by DolCas Biotech, which also supplies the spinach extract in NITRATE-IQ™.

Amaranth nitrate over 6 days. In a small randomized, placebo-controlled study of 13 physically active young men, about 400 mg a day of nitrate from amaranth (a different plant from spinach) for 6 days was followed by higher peak power, VO₂max and first ventilatory threshold, while a single dose had no effect (Liubertas et al., 2020).

Enovita™ grape seed extract: randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Schön et al. (2021) gave 300 mg a day of Enovita™ or placebo to 80 healthy adults for 16 weeks. On the main outcome, home systolic blood pressure, the extract didn’t differ from placebo; a benefit appeared in men only. Endothelin-1, sICAM-1 and eNOS were measured in lab cell models, not in participants. Three of the five authors work for Indena, which makes Enovita™. A labeled scoop of NITRATE-IQ™ provides 75 mg. This trial doesn’t show nitric oxide protection or an exercise benefit.

Across 19 controlled trials, grape seed extract also had no significant effect on flow-mediated dilation, a common measure of blood-vessel function (Foshati et al., 2022).

Manufacturing and certification status (read this carefully). NITRATE-IQ™ is made in a GMP facility. NSF Certified for Sport is being pursued but is not yet in place, so if you compete in a tested sport, verify the current certification status before relying on it. We’d rather tell you exactly where that stands than imply a certification we don’t hold.

How NITRATE-IQ™ Compares on Source, Stimulants and Dose Disclosure

This is a feature and specification comparison, not a claim of superior efficacy over any product or category.

Key: ✓ Fits · ○ Partly fits · ✗ Doesn’t fit (each row is judged only on the feature in the first column)

On cost, honestly. NITRATE-IQ™ isn’t the cheapest way to get nitrate. You’re paying for a beet-free spinach source and a nitrate amount printed on the label. That’s the trade, stated plainly.

So, does beetroot work for endurance? Its research benefit comes mainly from its dietary nitrate, not from beets themselves. A spinach source raised blood nitrate as much as beetroot juice at the same nitrate dose (Jonvik et al., 2016), which means a beet-free source is a legitimate way to get nitrate. Keep the dose in mind, though: one scoop of NITRATE-IQ™ provides 135 mg, and most exercise studies used more.

The Questions Endurance Athletes Ask Before Using Nitrate, Answered

When should I take NITRATE-IQ™?

The label direction is 1 scoop daily. In exercise studies, plasma nitrate peaked about an hour after intake and plasma nitrite about 2 hours after (Wylie et al., 2013), and that study ran its exercise tests 2.5 hours after intake. Exercise studies generally used more nitrate than one scoop provides. Talk with your healthcare provider before using more than the labeled serving.

Will NITRATE-IQ™ cause beet gut or beeturia?

It’s beet-free, so there’s no beet pigment to cause beeturia and no beet sugar. Tolerance during exercise hasn’t been tested for this specific product, and people vary, so try it on a training day before you use it on race day.

How much nitrate is in one scoop of NITRATE-IQ™?

135 mg of dietary nitrate per scoop, as listed on the label. That figure comes from the spinach extract’s standardization to 9% dietary nitrates. Many beet products list only “beetroot powder” without a nitrate amount, which makes it hard to know what you took.

Is NITRATE-IQ™ certified for sport?

Not yet. NITRATE-IQ™ is made in a GMP facility, and NSF Certified for Sport is being pursued but is not yet in place. If you compete in a drug-tested sport, don’t assume sport certification; verify the current status directly before using it for tested competition. We’ll update this as soon as the status changes.

A Stimulant-Free, Beet-Free Nitrate Routine You Can Repeat

You already know the research. What’s different now is that you can get nitrate from a beet-free source, skip the caffeine, and see the exact amount on the label: 135 mg per scoop, taken as 1 scoop daily.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Learn More About NITRATE-IQ™ → 

Backed by our satisfaction guarantee.

For the Dose-Literate: Complete Ingredient and Safety Documentation

Full Ingredient Breakdown

Spinach Extract (Nitrate Burst™) (Spinacia oleracea) (leaf): 1,500 mg per scoop. Standardized to 9% dietary nitrates and 13% naturally occurring potassium. Each scoop provides 135 mg of dietary nitrate (NO₃⁻) and 195 mg of potassium (4% DV). At 9% nitrate, the extract provides about 90 mg of nitrate per gram. The supplier describes it as a solvent-free aqueous extract (DolCas Biotech, n.d.). The spinach extract itself hasn’t been tested in its own clinical trials; the research cited here used whole vegetables, beetroot juice, sodium nitrate or amaranth extracts, not this extract.

Enovita™ Grape Seed Extract (Vitis vinifera L.) (seed): 75 mg per scoop. Enovita™ grape seed extract from Indena, standardized to 95% oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) and water-extracted from grape seed (Indena, n.d.). In laboratory (cell-culture) research, Enovita™ increased activated eNOS, the enzyme blood-vessel linings use to make nitric oxide (Schön et al., 2021). This hasn’t been shown in people. The human trial used 300 mg a day, four times the amount in one scoop. If you take any medication, including anticoagulants, talk with your healthcare provider before using grape seed extract (NCCIH, 2025).

Fulvic Acid: 30 mg per scoop. Human evidence at this amount is limited, and we make no functional claims for it.

Other ingredients: citric acid, organic lemon flavor (natural flavor, organic acacia) and organic stevia.

How to Take It

Take 1 scoop daily.

Because the nitrate pathway depends on mouth bacteria, antiseptic mouthwash can blunt it (Kapil et al., 2013). Consider skipping antiseptic mouthwash while you use it.

Safety & Drug Interactions

Dietary nitrate occurs naturally in vegetables, especially leafy greens. European food-safety authorities set an acceptable daily intake of 3.7 mg of nitrate per kg of body weight from all sources, about 259 mg for a 70 kg (154 lb) adult (EFSA, 2017). One scoop provides 135 mg. The spinach extract itself hasn’t been tested in its own clinical trials; the research cited here used whole vegetables, beetroot juice, sodium nitrate or amaranth extracts, not this extract.

Each scoop also provides 195 mg of potassium (4% DV), so check with your healthcare provider if you take potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, or have kidney concerns. Also talk with your healthcare provider before use if you take antihypertensives, PDE-5 inhibitors, organic nitrates or anticoagulants. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider. NITRATE-IQ™ is not a substitute for any medication, and nothing here is medical advice.

Extended FAQ

Should I take more than one scoop before a race? The label direction is 1 scoop daily. Exercise studies generally used more nitrate than one scoop provides. Talk with your healthcare provider before using more than the labeled serving.

Can I combine it with caffeine on some days? That’s a personal choice. NITRATE-IQ™ itself has no caffeine, which is the point for evening training or if you’re caffeine-sensitive. If you add caffeine separately, keep in mind it can shorten sleep even 6 hours before bed (Drake et al., 2013).

Can I check my nitrite levels at home? Some people use at-home saliva test strips, which estimate salivary nitrite. They aren’t a medical test and don’t measure exercise performance.

Why is there grape seed extract in it? Each scoop includes 75 mg of Enovita™ grape seed extract. In cell-culture research, Enovita™ increased activated eNOS (Schön et al., 2021). That hasn’t been shown in people, and we make no exercise claim for it.

How is it manufactured? NITRATE-IQ™ is made in a facility that follows FDA’s current good manufacturing practice rules for dietary supplements (21 CFR Part 111). NSF Certified for Sport is being pursued but is not yet in place.

Know Your Dose: A Beet-Free Nitrate Routine

You came to nitrate because the research is worth taking seriously. Now you can follow it with a beet-free spinach source, no caffeine, and a nitrate amount you can read right off the label.

Learn More About NITRATE-IQ™ → 

Backed by our satisfaction guarantee.

NITRATE-IQ™ may be a fit if:

✓ you want dietary nitrate without caffeine, jitters or a stimulant crash

✓ beet products gave you GI trouble or beeturia

✓ you want the nitrate amount printed on the label

✓ you train in the evening and avoid stimulants

NITRATE-IQ™ may not be necessary if:

○ you only want an acute “pump” and prefer the arginine/citrulline route

○ lowest cost per serving matters more to you than source and dose disclosure

○ your sport requires a certification that isn’t in place yet (verify before relying on it)

Scientific References & Citations

This guide’s statements are informed by the peer-reviewed research and ingredient specifications listed below.

Bailey, S. J., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P. G., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F. J., Wilkerson, D. P., Benjamin, N., & Jones, A. M. (2010). Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010

Bescós, R., Sureda, A., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2012). The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance. Sports Medicine, 42(2), 99–117. https://doi.org/10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000

Current good manufacturing practice in manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements, 21 C.F.R. pt. 111. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-111

DolCas Biotech. (n.d.). NitrateBurst®. https://dolcas-biotech.com/products-nitrateburst/

Drake, C., Roehrs, T., Shambroom, J., & Roth, T. (2013). Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(11), 1195–1200. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3170

EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food. (2017). Re-evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives. EFSA Journal, 15(6), Article e04787. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4787

Foshati, S., Nouripour, F., Sadeghi, E., & Amani, R. (2022). The effect of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract supplementation on flow-mediated dilation, blood pressure, and heart rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with duration- and dose-response analysis. Pharmacological Research, 175, Article 105905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105905

Indena. (n.d.). Enovita®: Grape seed extract. https://www.indena.com/us/product/enovita/

Jonvik, K. L., Nyakayiru, J., Pinckaers, P. J. M., Senden, J. M. G., van Loon, L. J. C., & Verdijk, L. B. (2016). Nitrate-rich vegetables increase plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and lower blood pressure in healthy adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(5), 986–993. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.229807

Kapil, V., Haydar, S. M. A., Pearl, V., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Ahluwalia, A. (2013). Physiological role for nitrate-reducing oral bacteria in blood pressure control. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 55, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.013

Larsen, F. J., Schiffer, T. A., Borniquel, S., Sahlin, K., Ekblom, B., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2011). Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Cell Metabolism, 13(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.004

Liubertas, T., Kairaitis, R., Stasiule, L., Capkauskiene, S., Stasiulis, A., Viskelis, P., Viškelis, J., & Urbonaviciene, D. (2020). The influence of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) dietary nitrates on the aerobic capacity of physically active young persons. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), Article 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00366-5

Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Gladwin, M. T. (2008). The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 7(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2466

Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., Meeusen, R., van Loon, L., Shirreffs, S. M., Spriet, L. L., Stuart, M., Vernec, A., Currell, K., Ali, V. M., Budgett, R. G. M., … Engebretsen, L. (2018). IOC consensus statement: Dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020

Moore, A. N., Haun, C. T., Kephart, W. C., Holland, A. M., Mobley, C. B., Pascoe, D. D., Roberts, M. D., & Martin, J. S. (2017). Red spinach extract increases ventilatory threshold during graded exercise testing. Sports, 5(4), Article 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5040080

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2025, February). Grape seed extract: Usefulness and safety. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/grape-seed-extract

Poon, E. T.-C., Iu, J. C.-K., Sum, W. M.-K., Wong, P. S., Lo, K. K.-H., Ali, A., Burns, S. F., & Trexler, E. T. (2025). Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance: An umbrella review of 20 published systematic reviews with meta-analyses. Sports Medicine, 55(5), 1213–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02194-6

Sauder, H. M., & Rout, P. (2023). Beeturia. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537012/

Schön, C., Allegrini, P., Engelhart-Jentzsch, K., Riva, A., & Petrangolini, G. (2021). Grape seed extract positively modulates blood pressure and perceived stress: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers. Nutrients, 13(2), Article 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020654

Senefeld, J. W., Wiggins, C. C., Regimbal, R. J., Dominelli, P. B., Baker, S. E., & Joyner, M. J. (2020). Ergogenic effect of nitrate supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(10), 2250–2261. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002363

Wylie, L. J., Kelly, J., Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., Skiba, P. F., Winyard, P. G., Jeukendrup, A. E., Vanhatalo, A., & Jones, A. M. (2013). Beetroot juice and exercise: Pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(3), 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2013

Manufacturing & Certification Status

GMP manufacturing: made in a facility that follows FDA’s current good manufacturing practice rules for dietary supplements (21 CFR Part 111). NSF Certified for Sport: being pursued but not yet in place. Verify current status before relying on it for drug-tested competition.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Individual results may vary. Consult your physician before use if you are pregnant or nursing, take medication (including antihypertensives, PDE-5 inhibitors, organic nitrates, anticoagulants, or potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors or ARBs), or have a medical condition.